解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::When nuclear magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the brain are acquired in rapid succession they exhibit small differences in signal intensity in positions corresponding to focal areas of activation. These signal changes result from small differences in the magnetic resonance signal caused by variations in the oxygena...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(94)90055-8
更新日期:1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recent results shed new light on how some nervous systems can regenerate after injury while others cannot. Until recently, it was widely believed that the main difference between systems that regenerate and those that do not lies in the normal state of their permissiveness to the regenerating axons. Thus, while nonreg...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(94)90056-6
更新日期:1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Trans-synaptic modulation of cortical ACh efflux is a useful approach for determining the functions of cortical ACh. Bilateral modulation of basal forebrain GABAergic transmission by benzodiazepine-receptor agonists and inverse agonists decreases and increases, respectively, activated cortical ACh efflux. The determin...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(94)90001-9
更新日期:1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A general assay for evaluating functional interactions between ligands and G-protein-coupled receptors within minutes has been developed. The system uses the principles employed by animals such as reptiles, amphibians and fish to control their colors. In nature, activation of G-protein-coupled receptors expressed by s...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(94)90087-6
更新日期:1994-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::It might appear curious to read about yeast, slime molds and protozoa in a journal dedicated to neuroscience. However, despite their distinct lack of synapses, eukaryotic microorganisms hold a wealth of information relevant to the signal-transduction pathways that underly activity in neuronal receptor cells, particula...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(94)90076-0
更新日期:1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Opium and its derivatives are potent analgesics that also have many other pharmacological effects in the nervous system. These agents and the endogenous opioid peptides exert their effects by interacting with high-affinity receptors. Complementary DNAs encoding the delta, kappa and mu opioid receptors have been isolat...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(93)90194-q
更新日期:1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has become apparent in recent years that the cytoskeleton and its associated proteins play a major role in secretion. This review summarizes recent findings on the cytoskeleton organization and the molecular topology of its regulatory proteins, as well as the dynamic changes that occur in this organelle during secr...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(93)90079-2
更新日期:1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acute inflammation plays an important role in host tissue defense against injury and infection, and also subsequent tissue repair. In the central nervous system parenchyma, following many types of insults, the acute inflammatory response to rapid neuronal degeneration or challenge with inflammatory substances differs ...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(93)90180-t
更新日期:1993-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although the mechanisms regulating the cerebral microcirculation during neural activity have been the subject of inquiry for a century or more, the mediators responsible for the changes in cerebral blood flow still remain to be clearly identified. The discovery that nitric oxide, a powerful cerebrovasodilator, is prod...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(93)90156-g
更新日期:1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is compelling evidence linking bradykinin (BK) with the pathophysiological processes that accompany tissue damage and inflammation, especially the production of pain and hyperalgesia. Several mechanisms have been proposed to account for hyperalgesia including the direct activation of nociceptors as well as sensi...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(93)90133-7
更新日期:1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has been suggested, on the basis of neuroanatomical and behavioural data, that olfactory discrimination in the rat provides privileged access to higher cognitive processes, involves the acquisition of a learning-set and, importantly, can be used to model human hippocampal function and dysfunction. In this article, ...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(93)90043-l
更新日期:1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Itch is a distinct sensation arising from the superficial layers of skin and mucous membranes. It is elicited by histamine and probably other endogenous chemicals that excite subpopulations of unmyelinated primary afferents and spinal neurones projecting through the anterolateral quadrant to the brain. The two popular...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90102-e
更新日期:1992-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rhythmic motor activity requires coordination of different muscles or muscle groups so that they are all active with the same cycle duration and appropriate phase relationships. The neural mechanisms for such phase coupling in vertebrate locomotion are not known. Swimming in the lamprey is accomplished by the generati...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90006-t
更新日期:1992-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hormonal effects are increasingly recognized as important influences on neuronal function and, ultimately, on animal behavior. Such 'higher' behavioral effects are well studied, particularly in relation to sexually dimorphic behaviors. Yet, somewhat surprisingly, a significant proportion of more basic neuroscience res...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90048-d
更新日期:1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Among the many calcium-binding proteins in the nervous system, parvalbumin, calbindin-D28K and calretinin are particularly striking in their abundance and in the specificity of their distribution. They can be found in different subsets of neurons in many brain regions. Although it is not yet known whether they play a ...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90081-i
更新日期:1992-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::One of the major problems of living in a rich visual environment is deciding which particular object or location should be chosen for complete processing or attention; that is, deciding which object is most salient at any particular time. The pulvinar has enlarged substantially during evolution, although little has pr...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90354-b
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Motoneurones are known to die (1) during embryonic development (naturally occurring cell death), (2) early in postnatal development after axonal injury, and (3) as a consequence of disease, such as spinal muscular atrophy or (in later life) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Naturally occurring motoneurone death has been ...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90014-y
更新日期:1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::For organs innervated by the autonomic nervous system, it is generally held that neuroeffector transmission is achieved by varicosities releasing transmitters some distance from the membranes of target cells. Transmitters are thought to diffuse through the extracellular space and interact with post-junctional receptor...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(92)90024-3
更新日期:1992-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A genetic analysis of mammalian neuronal physiology might now be possible due to the development of defective herpes simplex virus vectors, which allow gene transfer directly into mature neurons, in culture or in the adult brain. Genetically altered proteins that play critical roles in neuronal physiology, including t...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(91)90040-2
更新日期:1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The human brain can be stimulated by a single intense magnetic pulse over the scalp. Currents induced within the cranium excite the motor cortex and cause limb muscles to contract. The discharge of single motor units, the firing of which is maintained by voluntary effort, can be modulated by magnetic stimuli. Peri-sti...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(91)90029-t
更新日期:1991-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Repair of adult 'point-to-point' systems by neural grafting is possible only when grafted neurons succeed in synaptically replacing the host's missing neurons, thus re-establishing the anatomical and functional integrity of the impaired circuits. Grafting experiments carried out on the cerebellum of the adult pcd (Pur...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(91)90161-m
更新日期:1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite extensive information on many aspects of peptide neurobiology, the links between the behavioral effects of neuropeptides and their actions at the cellular and molecular levels are not fully understood. A pair of insect neuropeptides, the cardioacceleratory peptides (CAPs) of the tobacco hawkmoth Manduca sexta,...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(91)90126-f
更新日期:1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Severed distal segments of nerve axons (anucleate axons) have now been reported to survive for weeks to years in representative organisms from most phyla, including the vertebrates. Among invertebrates (especially crustaceans), such long-term survival might involve transfer of proteins from adjacent intact cells to an...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(91)90104-3
更新日期:1991-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A variety of fatty acids regulate the activity of specific ion channels by mechanisms not involving the enzymatic pathways that convert arachidonic acid to oxygenated metabolites. Furthermore, these actions of fatty acids occur in patches of membrane excised from the cell and are not mediated by cellular signal transd...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(91)90069-7
更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In contrast to innocuous stimuli, which only have transient effects when applied to the body surface, noxious stimuli generate persistent changes in the nervous system. This nociceptive memory manifests itself most prominently as a post-injury sensitization where, after tissue damage, the avoidance reaction and pain t...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(91)90024-o
更新日期:1991-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Progress in migraine research has been rapid in recent years, from both the basic science and the clinical perspectives. A new internationally accepted headache classification with operational diagnostic criteria was published in 1988, eliminating much diagnostic uncertainty. More than a decade of study of regional ce...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(91)90171-p
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The nervous system contains a diverse group of cells. Specification of the correct cell fate is obviously important for the proper function of the nervous system, yet how are the fates of different neurons determined during development? Very little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms used in the mammali...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90083-m
更新日期:1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The hormone melatonin was first identified about 30 years ago as a secretory product of the pineal gland. In mammals, the daily rhythm of pineal melatonin synthesis is controlled by neural inputs. The CNS is thought to be a primary target organ involved in mediating the influence of melatonin on a variety of physiolog...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90100-o
更新日期:1990-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Neurobiology was a central concern at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL), Woods Hole at the end of the last century, when the director Charles Otis Whitman set up a seminar for discussion of research and general issues in 'neurology', which took place annually from 1896 to 1900 and generated intense interest among...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90118-t
更新日期:1990-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Korsakoff's disease is an amnesic syndrome associated with midline diencephalic and brain stem pathology. A number of neurochemical systems course through or near the loci of brain lesions found postmortem in Korsakoff patients, which has stimulated studies to learn whether these systems are implicated in amnesia. Dat...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90146-2
更新日期:1990-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The study of synaptic connections in the electron microscope has established an 'elementary' circuit for the neostriatum which consists of a pathway from cortical areas (neocortex, hippocampus, amygdala) to medium spiny neurones of the striatum that also receive converging synaptic input from midbrain dopamine neurone...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90106-k
更新日期:1990-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The complexity and inaccessibility of the vertebrate CNS impede the localization and description of memory traces and the definition of the processes that create them. Recent work has shown that the spinal stretch reflex (SSR), which is produced by a monosynaptic two-neuron pathway, can be operantly conditioned, and t...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90005-u
更新日期:1990-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::An abundance of experimental literature has established that gonadal steroid hormones are responsible for the sexual differentiation of neural circuitry, mediating a variety of reproductive behaviors and physiological mechanisms. These same hormones regulate the expression of reproductive function in the adult and may...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90186-e
更新日期:1990-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The myelinated axon provides a model in which it is possible to examine how various types of ion channels are incorporated into a membrane to form an excitable neuronal process. The available evidence now indicates that mammalian myelinated fibers contain a repertoire of physiologically active membrane molecules inclu...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90068-l
更新日期:1990-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The construction of artificial walking machines has been a challenging task for engineers for several centuries. Advances in computer technology have stimulated this research in the past two decades, and enormous progress has been made, particularly in recent years. Nevertheless, in comparing the walk of a six-legged ...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90057-h
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the classical picture of brain function, electrical impulses are initiated in sensory organs and spread rapidly down axons, jumping synaptic clefts by neurochemical transmission. Patterns of electrical activity generated in this way integrate information throughout the brain and result in coordinated motor output. ...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(89)90089-1
更新日期:1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dynamic alterations in the structure of the neuronal cytoskeleton are necessary for axonal growth and guidance during development and may also be involved in modulation of synaptic function. Recent evidence suggests that the structural and mechanochemical properties of the cytoskeletal protein, actin, are critical to ...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(89)90098-2
更新日期:1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::It is generally thought that monoamines play a nonspecific role in modulating cortical activity. However, several lines of evidence now indicate that cortical monoaminergic afferents show remarkable anatomical specificity. In particular, there is unequivocal evidence for regional, laminar and intracortical specificity...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(89)90037-4
更新日期:1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lyme disease is of interest to the neurologist and neuroscientist for a variety of reasons. As more arthropod hosts throughout the world are infected with the causative organism, Borrelia burgdorferi, the illness in humans is becoming more prevalent; in addition, recognition of the disease in humans and susceptible an...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(89)90065-9
更新日期:1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Within the past decade intensive molecular genetic research has been carried out in the attempt to pinpoint chromosomal loci that may be linked to neuropsychiatric disorders. Joseph Martin reviews progress made in the application of molecular genetics to the study of diseases such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's ...
journal_title:Trends in neurosciences
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0166-2236(89)90051-9
更新日期:1989-04-01 00:00:00